56.See also his Chapters on Socialism ,in Fortnightly Review ,187957.Economists are fond of comparing the rate of profit or wages in one nation (using this word in its economic sense)to asingle fluid surface which is continually disturbed by transient influences and continually tending to recover its level.Wemust compare these rates in different nations to reservoirs which,not communicating with each other,stand always atdifferent,though variable,levels.And the latter comparison will apply also to the rates (al least of wages)in differenteconomic "groups",or strata,within the same community.
58.See p.139.
59.Jevons strangely says,in the Preface to his Theory of Political Economy ,2d.ed.,that the wages fund doctrine "hasbeen abandoned by most English economists owing to the attacks,"amongst others."Of Cairnes."Cairnes was,in truth,asupporter of the doctrine.
60.In his Essay on the Principle of Commercial Exchanges .
61.On this whole subject see Professor C.F.Bastable's Theory of International Trade ,1887.
62.The first French translation of the Wealth of Nations ,by Blavet,appeared in the Journal de l'Agriculture,duCommerce,des Finances,et des Arts ,1779-80;new editions of it were published in 1781,1788,and 1800;it was alsoprinted at Amsterdam in 1784.Smith himself recommended it in his third edition of the original as excellent.In 1790appeared the translation by Roucher,to which Condorcet had intended to add notes,and in 1802that by Count GermainGarnier,executed during his exile in England which is now considered the standard version,and has been reproduced,withnotes by Say,Sismondi,Blanqui,etc.,in the Collection des Prinicipaux Economistes .
63.He grossly exaggerated Smith's faults of method.Thus he saysL'ouvrage de Smith n'est qu'un assemblage confus desprincipes les plus sains de l'Economie politique ...son livre est un vaste chaos d'idées justes -(Discours Préliminaire ).
64.The French economists are continued on page 175.
65.Hamilton's Works,edited by H.C.Lodge,vol.iii,p;294.
66.It is,however,a mistake to suppose that the assumption of this historical order of descent is essential to the theory inquestion.
67.This argument seems scarcely met by Professor F.A.Walker,Political Economy ,5052.But perhaps he is right inthinking that Carey exaggerates the importance of the considerations on which it is founded.Mill and Leslie remark that thetransportation of agricultural products from the western to the Atlantic States has the same effect as their export to Europe,so far as this so-called "land-butchery"is concerned;besides some manures are obtainable from abroad.
68.Other writings of Carey's besides his Social Science are his Essay on the Rate of Wages (1835);Principles of PoliticalEconomy (18381840)Past,Present,and Future (1848)Unity of Law (1872).
69.Charles Comte (17821837)was son-in-law of J.B.Say.He was associated with Dunoyer in his political writings and,like him,distinguished for his honourable independence.He was author of the Traitéde Législation ,a meritorious anduseful,but not a profound work.
70.M.Leroy-Beaulieu maintains (Essai sur la Répartition des Richesses ,2d ed.,1882)that this,though not strictly,isapproximately truethat economic forms a very small part of actual rent.
71.Essays in Political Economy ,p.334.
72.Hermann Heinrich Gossen's work,Entwickelung der Gesetze des nutsschlichan Verkehrs ,so highly praised by Jevons,Theory of Pol.Econ .,2d ed.,Pref.,was published in 1854.
73.The first German version of the Wealth of Nations was that by Johann Friedrich Schiller,published 177678.Thesecond,which is the first good one,was by Chnstian Garve and again 1799and 1810).A later one by C.W.Asher (1861)ishighly commended.
