登陆注册
15698700000080

第80章

18. Aristotle, Politics , 1. VII, c. 9.

19. See especially Athenaeus, Banquet des Savants , éd. Dindorf, Vol. i. Lipsiae, 1827, pp. 822, 323.

20. Athenaeus, Vol I. pp. 314, 315, 1. iv. ?16.

21. Athenaeus, Vol. i. p. 402, l. v. ?2.

22. Demostli. Oratio adversus Macartatum . Parisiis, Didot, 1845, p. 565.

23. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities , 1. II, c. 23.

24. Aristotle, Politics , 1. vii. c. 9.

25. It is surprising that there is no chapter devoted to the common repasts in the work of Dorn Sciffen, Vestigia vitaeNonsadicae, tam in moribus quam legibus Romanorum conspicua 26. Diodorus. v. 84.

27. Diodorus, v. 81, 83.

28. Diodorus, v. 15.

29. See Thirlwall, History of Greece ; Grote, History of Greece ; Duncker, Geschichte des Alterthums .

30. Aristotle, Politics .

31. Politics , II. 9.

32. Politics , II, 4. As represented to us by Aristotle, these Greek laws as to the preservation of the original parcels seem tobe connected with an aristocratic sentiment, and to have been generally intended to prevent the plebs from attaining toproperty, and so to magistracies and honours. Are we therefore to conclude that the lower classes were originally excludedfrom these distributions, or must we suppose, that, by the number of primitive parcels remaining invariable, and thepopulation at the same time increasing, landed property became, in consequence, an aristocratic privilege, and themaintenance of the original parcels a safeguard for the higher classes? It is difficult to answer these questions with the aid ofsome few lines of Aristotle. We should, however, lean to the second solution.

33. Politics , v. 6. Here the prohibition against acquisition seems to be regarded as a safeguard against oligarchy, which isalways apt to be created by the purchase of land. There is no doubt that, in consequence of local circumstances, acquisitionswere made at Thurium for the benefit of those who already had property, while elsewhere the proletarians were purchasers.

Thus the same primitive law may become, in one case, an aristocratic guarantee against democracy, and, in another, asecurity against the development of an aristocracy.

34. Diodorus, XII, 11.

35. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ant. Rosa . II, 3.

36. Varro, De Lingua Latina , v. 55.

37. Varro, De re rustica , I, 10, 38. Pliny, Natural History , xviii. 2.

39. "Land is conveyed by sin formalities, by the assent of townsmen, of kindred, of neighbours, and of heirs, and by thedelivery of gold and of water." (Colebrooke, A Digest of Hindu Law , II, 161, Art. XXXIII.). Conf. Orianne, Traité originaldes successions d'après le droit hindou; extrait du Mitacahara de Vijnyaéswara , Paris, 1844, p. 49.Pross'onno CoomarTagore, A succinct Commentary of the Hindoo Law prevalent in Mithila, from the original Sanscrit of Viachaspati Misra .

Calcutta, 1863, p. 310.See Caract. collect . des premières propriétés imrnobilières, by Viollet, p. 30. "According to MrGeorge Campbell, the alienation of landed property is very rare. The village community has a right of veto, and would notallow the entry of any stranger who might he obnoxious." "The seizure and sale of land for the payment of a debt is an ideaunknown to the Hindoos." Systems of Land Tenure in various Countries , p. 166.

40. Puchta, Cursus der Institut .

41. Sir William Hay Macnaghten, Principles of Hindu and Mahammedan Law , c. iv. pp. 204, 205.

42. M. Viollet borrows these facts from Bourdot de Richebourg, Vol. i. p. 306 and 347.

43. Libri feudorum , lib. v. tit. XIII XIV.

44. Gurdon, On Courts Baron , and Kelham, Domesday Book , p. 242.

45. For the towns of Amiens and Lille, see the sources quoted by M. Viollet, Ancient Customs of Amiens (first half of thethirteenth century), Art. 6 in A. Thierry, Recueil des Mon. inédits du Tiers-Etat, district of the North , Vol. 1, p. 129.

Second custom previous to 1292, ibid. pp. 163, 164. Conf. a sale effected in 1170 before the commune of Amiens; a gift in1195 of the same kind, ibid. pp. 94, 95118, 119.

46. Plutarch, Lycurgus, Agis . Aristotle, Politics , II, p. 10.

47. Aristotle, Politics , II, 4, 4.

48. Id. II, 8, 7.

49. Æschines, Contra Timarchum .

50. Mitacshara, trad. Orianne , p. 50.

51. Blume, Die westgothische Antiqua oder des Gesetzbuch Reccared des Ersten , 1847, ch. 294, p. 18, 20.

52. See Law of the Thuringians , lit. xiii.: "Libero homini liceat hareditatem suam eui voluerit tradere." Canciani, Bar. leg.

antiq ., v. xii. pp. 3136, and Walter, Corpus jur. Germ ., v. s. p. 380.

Law of the Saxons, lit. xv., "Traditiones et venditiones omnes legitimae, stabiles permaneant," and the following withCanciani's commentary, v. iii. p. 51. Cf. Lex. Burg . t. I., and tit. LXXXIV. ?1, in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Leg ., tit. xii. pp.

532568.Lex Alemannorum, in Pertz, Mon. Leges , t. iii. p. 45. (borrowed from M. Viollet).

53. Canciani, Barb, leg. ant ., t. iii. p. 59.

54. Honard, Traités sur les coutumes Anglo-normandes , t. II, pp. 449, 450.

55. Schildener's translation, Guta-Lagh, Greifswald, 1818, p. 59, and compare Mirror of Saxony , l. I. art. 34:"Ohne desRichters Urlaub, mag ein Mann sein Eigen wohl vergeben mit genehm seiner Erben; nur dass en eine halbe Hufe davonbehalte und ein Gehoeft, da man einen Wagen darauf umwenden mag." (Translation by Sachase, Sachsenspiegel oderSaechsisches Landrecht , Heidelberg, 1848, p. 72.)56. Codicillus jurium civitatum megapolensium de an. 1859, in Westphalen: Monumenta inedita rerum germanicarumpraecipuè cimbricarum et megapolensium , II, Lipsiae, 1739, col. 2064.

57. Plato, Laws , xi.

58. See Sir George Campbell's Essay in the Cobden Club's volume, Systems of Land-tenure in various Countries , p. 172.

59. Plutarch, Solon , 21.

60. Fustel de Coulanges, La cité antique , 3rd edit., p. 89.

61. Tacitus, Germania , xx.

62. Laboulaye, De la condition civile et politique des Femmes , p. 90.

63. Ancient Law , p. 172.

CHAPTER XI.

同类推荐
  • Mugby Junction

    Mugby Junction

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 从驾记

    从驾记

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 大通方广忏悔灭罪庄严成佛经

    大通方广忏悔灭罪庄严成佛经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 布萨文等

    布萨文等

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 台海见闻录

    台海见闻录

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
热门推荐
  • 红巾翠袖英雄泪

    红巾翠袖英雄泪

    五百年前双剑的传说,二十年前的杨家镇惊天血案。刀下遗孤,苍茫苦海,千秋大业,不过云烟。转瞬间,韶华已逝,恍惚间,折戟沉沙。这是本人第一次写小说,很用心去写的,希望大家能够喜欢,也希望大家能向别人推广哦!最后,求推荐、收藏,你的轻轻一点,就是作者进步的无穷动力,有打赏是再好不过了!谢谢大家的支持!
  • 遗留在夏季的眷恋

    遗留在夏季的眷恋

    他以为他将这样度过一生,孤独寂寞。虽然胜利常伴随着他,但感情却一直困扰着他。但是,一封来自霍兹尔学院的录取通知书改变了他的一生。云层里透出神秘的吟唱:你也有神秘英勇的母亲,你也有热血的同伴,你的血管里流动着龙族的血液。而你的目标将是——屠龙。
  • 创世逍遥神

    创世逍遥神

    金手指?逆天传承?神奇导师?统统不需要!只需一本破功法一把破剑,便能闯天下!因为我就是个BUG!吾为创世神!
  • 对你的一见钟情

    对你的一见钟情

    年少因为你干净若溪流般的眼眸所吸引,便再也不能忘。追随你的脚步前行,寻找一份关于对你一见钟情的答案。
  • 万族卫

    万族卫

    光洞已破。隐世万族重出世界。黑暗与光明的战斗。毁灭与重生的战争。人界,会坠入何界之手?
  • 死人的游戏

    死人的游戏

    如果有人说这个世界上有死神,你会相信吗?夏凡本是名普通的上班族,在遭遇车祸后,醒来却发现自己正身处在一间硕大房间内。还未来得及从活着的喜悦中走出,却被告知自己已是死人,必须完成死神的一个又一个任务,才能活下去。他会选择相信吗?无法逃脱的古宅……鬼魂之间的捉迷藏……灵异航班的诡异消失……危机四伏的神秘古堡……秦岭山下的幽暗古墓……一场鬼与人之间压倒性的杀戮游戏即将展开,刺激不过如此。(由于含有暴力内容,建议读者开卷要小心。签约必定完本,放心收藏。)书友Q群:469699186。
  • 男人气质解码

    男人气质解码

    本书着眼于现代社会的发展变化,以全新的视角,解读了现代男性独特的气质和各种形态,是男人正确认识自己、增强自身修养,女人透视男人、正确选择男人的指南。
  • 绝世神枪

    绝世神枪

    这是一个充满玄气的世界,从一纸金书开始,主角叶星从废材慢慢变成万众瞩目的强者!强者之路如披荆斩棘,遇神杀神,遇佛杀佛,叶星必然踏上逆天之路!这天再也遮不住他眼,这地再也埋不了他心,就让这九天十地为他独尊!叶星傲然道:“兄弟,女人,实力,老子一样不缺!”
  • Villa Rubein and Other Stories

    Villa Rubein and Other Stories

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 不朽天棺

    不朽天棺

    葬天、葬地,葬苍生万物,青铜棺中,是放逐自己,或是埋葬他人。