Right here I am compelled a question to expound, Forestalling something certain folk suppose, Lest it avail to lead thee off from truth:
Waters (they say) before the shining breed Of the swift scaly creatures somehow give, And straightway open sudden liquid paths, Because the fishes leave behind them room To which at once the yielding billows stream.
Thus things among themselves can yet be moved, And change their place, however full the Sum-Received opinion, wholly false forsooth.
For where can scaly creatures forward dart, Save where the waters give them room? Again, Where can the billows yield a way, so long As ever the fish are powerless to go?
Thus either all bodies of motion are deprived, Or things contain admixture of a void Where each thing gets its start in moving on.
Lastly, where after impact two broad bodies Suddenly spring apart, the air must crowd The whole new void between those bodies formed;But air, however it stream with hastening gusts, Can yet not fill the gap at once- for first It makes for one place, ere diffused through all.
And then, if haply any think this comes, When bodies spring apart, because the air Somehow condenses, wander they from truth:
For then a void is formed, where none before;And, too, a void is filled which was before.
Nor can air be condensed in such a wise;
Nor, granting it could, without a void, I hold, It still could not contract upon itself And draw its parts together into one.
Wherefore, despite demur and counter-speech, Confess thou must there is a void in things.
And still I might by many an argument Here scrape together credence for my words.
But for the keen eye these mere footprints serve, Whereby thou mayest know the rest thyself.
As dogs full oft with noses on the ground, Find out the silent lairs, though hid in brush, Of beasts, the mountain-rangers, when but once They scent the certain footsteps of the way, Thus thou thyself in themes like these alone Can hunt from thought to thought, and keenly wind Along even onward to the secret places And drag out truth. But, if thou loiter loth Or veer, however little, from the point, This I can promise, Memmius, for a fact:
Such copious drafts my singing tongue shall pour From the large well-springs of my plenished breast That much I dread slow age will steal and coil Along our members, and unloose the gates Of life within us, ere for thee my verse Hath put within thine ears the stores of proofs At hand for one soever question broached.
NOTHING EXISTS per se EXCEPT ATOMS AND THE VOIDBut, now again to weave the tale begun, All nature, then, as self-sustained, consists Of twain of things: of bodies and of void In which they're set, and where they're moved around.
For common instinct of our race declares That body of itself exists: unless This primal faith, deep-founded, fail us not, Naught will there be whereunto to appeal On things occult when seeking aught to prove By reasonings of mind. Again, without That place and room, which we do call the inane, Nowhere could bodies then be set, nor go Hither or thither at all- as shown before.
Besides, there's naught of which thou canst declare It lives disjoined from body, shut from void-A kind of third in nature. For whatever Exists must be a somewhat; and the same, If tangible, however fight and slight, Will yet increase the count of body's sum, With its own augmentation big or small;But, if intangible and powerless ever To keep a thing from passing through itself On any side, 'twill be naught else but that Which we do call the empty, the inane.
Again, whate'er exists, as of itself, Must either act or suffer action on it, Or else be that wherein things move and be:
Naught, saving body, acts, is acted on;
Naught but the inane can furnish room. And thus, Beside the inane and bodies, is no third Nature amid the number of all things-Remainder none to fall at any time Under our senses, nor be seized and seen By any man through reasonings of mind.
Name o'er creation with what names thou wilt, Thou'lt find but properties of those first twain, Or see but accidents those twain produce.
A property is that which not at all Can be disjoined and severed from a thing Without a fatal dissolution: such, Weight to the rocks, heat to the fire, and flow To the wide waters, touch to corporal things, Intangibility to the viewless void.
But state of slavery, pauperhood, and wealth, Freedom, and war, and concord, and all else Which come and go whilst nature stands the same, We're wont, and rightly, to call accidents.
Even time exists not of itself; but sense Reads out of things what happened long ago, What presses now, and what shall follow after:
No man, we must admit, feels time itself, Disjoined from motion and repose of things.
Thus, when they say there "is" the ravishment Of Princess Helen, "is" the siege and sack Of Trojan Town, look out, they force us not To admit these acts existent by themselves, Merely because those races of mankind (Of whom these acts were accidents) long since Irrevocable age has borne away:
For all past actions may be said to be But accidents, in one way, of mankind,-In other, of some region of the world.
Add, too, had been no matter, and no room Wherein all things go on, the fire of love Upblown by that fair form, the glowing coal Under the Phrygian Alexander's breast, Had ne'er enkindled that renowned strife Of savage war, nor had the wooden horse Involved in flames old Pergama, by a birth At midnight of a brood of the Hellenes.
And thus thou canst remark that every act At bottom exists not of itself, nor is As body is, nor has like name with void;But rather of sort more fitly to be called An accident of body, and of place Wherein all things go on.
CHARACTER OF THE ATOMS
Bodies, again, Are partly primal germs of things, and partly Unions deriving from the primal germs.
