The policy first adopted was a simple one, natural enough for eighteenth-century Englishmen.They decided to make Canada* over in the image of the old colonies, to turn the "new subjects," as they were called, in good time into Englishmen and Protestants.Ageneration or two would suffice, in the phrase of Francis Maseres--himself a descendant of a Huguenot refugee but now wholly an Englishman--for "melting down the French nation into the English in point of language, affections, religion, and laws." Immigration was to be encouraged from Britain and from the other American colonies, which, in the view of the Lords of Trade, were already overstocked and in danger of being forced by the scarcity or monopoly of land to take up manufactures which would compete with English wares.And since it would greatly contribute to speedy settlement, so the Royal Proclamation of 1763 declared, that the King's subjects should be informed of his paternal care for the security of their liberties and properties, it was promised that, as soon as circumstances would permit, a General Assembly would be summoned, as in the older colonies.The laws of England, civil and criminal, as near as might be, were to prevail.The Roman Catholic subjects were to be free to profess their own religion, "so far as the laws of Great Britain permit,"but they were to be shown a better way.To the first Governor instructions were issued "that all possible Encouragement shall be given to the erecting Protestant Schools in the said Districts, Townships and Precincts, by settling and appointing and allotting proper Quantities of Land for that Purpose and also for a Glebe and Maintenance for a Protestant minister and Protestant schoolmasters." Thus in the fullness of time, like Acadia, but without any Evangelise of Grand Pre, without any drastic policy of expulsion, impossible with seventy thousand people scattered over a wide area, even Canada would become a good English land, a newer New England.
* The Royal Proclamation of 1763 set the bounds of the new colony.They were surprisingly narrow, a mere strip along both sides of the St.Lawrence from a short distance beyond the Ottawa on the west, to the end of the Gasps peninsula on the east.The land to the northeast was put under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Newfoundland, and the Great Lakes region was included in the territory reserved for the Indians.
It is questionable whether this policy could ever have achieved success even if it had been followed for generations without rest or turning.But it was not destined to be given a long trial.
From the very beginning the men on the spot, the soldier Governors of Canada, urged an entirely contrary policy on the Home Government, and the pressure of events soon brought His Majesty's Ministers to concur.
As the first civil Governor of Canada, the British authorities chose General Murray, one of Wolfe's ablest lieutenants, who since 1760 had served as military Governor of the Quebec district.He was to be aided in his task by a council composed of the Lieutenant Governors of Montreal and Three Rivers, the Chief Justice, the head of the customs, and eight citizens to be named by the Governor from "the most considerable of the persons of property" in the province.
The new Governor was a blunt, soldierly man, upright and just according to his lights, but deeply influenced by his military and aristocratic leanings.Statesmen thousands of miles away might plan to encourage English settlers and English political ways and to put down all that was French.To the man on the spot English settlers meant "the four hundred and fifty contemptible sutlers and traders" who had come in the wake of the army from New England and New York, with no proper respect for their betters, and vulgarly and annoyingly insistent upon what they claimed to be their rights.The French might be alien in speech and creed, but at least the seigneurs and the higher clergy were gentlemen, with a due respect for authority, the King's and their own, and the habitants were docile, the best of soldier stuff.
"Little, very little," Murray wrote in 1764 to the Lords of Trade, "will content the New Subjects, but nothing will satisfy the Licentious Fanaticks Trading here, but the expulsion of the Canadians, who are perhaps the bravest and best race upon the Globe, a Race, who cou'd they be indulged with a few priviledges wch the Laws of England deny to Roman Catholicks at home, wou'd soon get the better of every National Antipathy to their Conquerors and become the most faithful and most useful set of Men in this American Empire."** This quotation and those following in this chapter are from official documents most conveniently assembled in Shorn and Doughty, "Documents relating to the Constitutional History of Canada, 1759-1791", and Doughty and McArthur, "Documents relating to the Constitutional History of Canada, 1791-1818".
Certainly there was much in the immediate situation to justify Murray's attitude.It was preposterous to set up a legislature in which only the four hundred Protestants might sit and from which the seventy thousand Catholics would be barred.It would have been difficult in any case to change suddenly the system of laws governing the most intimate transactions of everyday life.But when, as happened, the Administration was entrusted in large part to newly created justices of the peace, men with "little French and less honour," "to whom it is only possible to speak with guineas in one's hand," the change became flatly impossible.Such an alteration, if still insisted upon, must come more slowly than the impatient traders in Montreal and Quebec desired.
